Having arisen in Jamaica, it has been described as an Afro-Jamaican religion, and more broadly an Afro-Caribbean religion. Multiple scholars of religion have categorised Rastafari as a new religious movement, while some scholars have also classified it as a sect, a cult, and a revitalisation movement. Rastafari has been described as a religion, meeting many of the proposed definitions for what constitutes a religion, and is legally recognised as such in various countries.
Two Rastafari street vendors in Zeerust, South Africa they are wearing and selling items that display their commitment to the religion Most Rastafari are of black African descent, and some groups accept only black members. The largest population is in Jamaica, although small communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. There are an estimated 700,000 to 1,000,000 Rastafari across the world. There are several denominations, or " Mansions of Rastafari", the most prominent of which are the Nyahbinghi, Bobo Ashanti, and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, each offering a different interpretation of Rastafari belief. The Rastafari movement is decentralised and organised on a largely sectarian basis.
Enthusiasm for Rastafari declined in the 1980s, following the deaths of Haile Selassie and Marley, but the movement survived and has a presence in many parts of the world. In the 1960s and 1970s, it gained increased respectability within Jamaica and greater visibility abroad through the popularity of Rastafari-inspired reggae musicians, most notably Bob Marley. By the 1950s, Rastafari's countercultural stance had brought the movement into conflict with wider Jamaican society, including violent clashes with law enforcement. The religion developed after several Protestant Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that Haile Selassie's crowning as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a Biblical prophecy. It was influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures such as Marcus Garvey. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant British colonial culture. Rastafari originated among impoverished and socially disenfranchised Afro-Jamaican communities in 1930s Jamaica. Rastas emphasise what they regard as living "naturally", adhering to ital dietary requirements, wearing their hair in dreadlocks, and following patriarchal gender roles. Communal meetings are known as "groundations", and are typified by music, chanting, discussions, and the smoking of cannabis, the latter regarded as a sacrament with beneficial properties. Rastas refer to their practices as " livity". Some practitioners extend these views into black supremacism. Many Rastas call for this diaspora's resettlement in Africa, a continent they consider the Promised Land, or "Zion". Rastafari is Afrocentric and focuses attention on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or "Babylon". Rastas accord key importance to Haile Selassie, the emperor of Ethiopia between 19 many regard him as the Second Coming of Jesus and Jah incarnate, while others see him as a human prophet who fully recognised Jah's presence in every individual.
Central is a monotheistic belief in a single God, referred to as Jah, who is deemed to partially reside within each individual. Rastafari beliefs are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It combines the conquering lion of Judah, symbol of the Ethiopian monarchy, with green, gold, and red. Rastafari often claim the flag of the Ethiopian Royal Standard as was used during Haile Selassie's reign.
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